In August 2025, after one of the longest trials in Canadian history, Justice Barbara Young of the British Columbia Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling declaring that the Cowichan Tribes hold “Aboriginal title” to 800 acres of land in the Vancouver suburb of Richmond.
The 800 acres includes government land and 150 “fee simple” properties, the most common form of residential land ownership in Canada. In other words, people’s homes and businesses.
The Cowichan Tribes, which are located on Vancouver Island, argued that they have a historic claim to parts of modern-day Richmond because their ancestors once visited and lived there, though as a summer fishing village.
In court, the City of Richmond argued that Aboriginal title was extinguished because the Cowichans’ ancestors abandoned the land 150 years ago. Yet according to Richmond’s lead lawyer, lawyers for the federal and provincial governments were ”labouring under litigation directives that constrained their ability to argue extinguishment.”
Following last summer’s ruling, the provincial and federal governments appealed the decision — but they’ve been part of the problem from the start. And appeals can take years, with no guarantee of a better outcome for private property owners in Richmond.
This could have serious repercussions for the rest of the province. More than two-million fee simple titles exist in British Columbia. Homeowners and business owners who believe they own their properties may also be subject to claims made by other First Nations.
The Supreme Court of Canada’s landmark 1997 decision in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia paved the way for modern Aboriginal title claims, and because much of B.C. isn’t covered by treaties, large swaths of the province have been open to such claims.
But when a First Nation such as the Cowichan Tribes lacks a treaty with the Crown, but has been paid vast sums of money over decades by federal and provincial taxpayers, should the courts not account for that money when assessing any land claim?
For the Cowichan Tribes alone, the numbers are staggering. According to our calculations, based on 24 years of Cowichan financial statements (adjusted for inflation to 2025 dollars), the Cowichan (with approximately 5,600 members) have been paid nearly $1.3 billion since 2001 for health care, education and more.
In the 2001-02 fiscal year, the federal and provincial governments spent more than $37 million on the Cowichan, and that number tripled to $103 million (or $18,359 per band member) by 2024-25. In total, over 24 years, taxpayers paid $227,223 per band member, or over $900,000 for a Cowichan family of four.
This opinion piece argues that such taxpayer-funded payments should be considered as compensation for any lost lands in Aboriginal title cases. The $1.3 billion paid to the Cowichan Tribes over the last quarter century should be taken into account by courts when determining land claims, as it represents a substantial transfer of resources that could offset the value of any land title awarded.
